Background and Motivation:
With the advancement of in-vehicle display technologies, Head-Up Displays (HUD) and Augmented Reality Head-Up Displays (AR-HUD) have become key interfaces in driver-assistance systems. These displays project navigation and warning information directly onto the driver’s view, reducing gaze shifts and cognitive load. Therefore, this study compares the effects of AR-HUD and HUD under different auditory warning conditions on driving performance.
Method:
Twenty participants performed randomized sudden-event scenarios using a STISIM Model 300 driving simulator equipped with a VOLVO 340DL vehicle body. A 2 (Display: HUD, AR-HUD) × 3 (Auditory Cue: none, action-first, reason-first) within-subject repeated-measures design was employed. Dependent variables included reaction time, minimum time-to-collision (TTC), collision rate, driving performance, and subjective ratings (DALI and event-cue preference).
Results:
A significant interaction was found between display type and auditory cue for reaction time (p = .024), steering-angle variation (p < .001), and collision rate (p < .001). The AR-HUD with the reason-first cue showed the best performance, whereas the HUD with no auditory cue performed the worst. AR-HUD also outperformed HUD in lane deviation (p < .001) and TTC (p = .008). Subjective evaluations indicated that AR-HUD was rated significantly higher in event-cue preference (p < .001). Conclusion: The findings confirm that integrating AR-HUD with auditory cues enhances driver responsiveness and safety. In particular, the reason-first auditory warning enabled drivers to recognize hazards faster and maintain steadier control, highlighting multimodal interface integration as a key direction for future intelligent vehicle human factors design.

Authors:
Wei-Lun Huang, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
Hung-Lin Fu, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan
Yung-Ching Liu, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Taiwan

About the Presenter(s)
My name is WeiLun Huang, currently studying for a master's degree at National Yunlin University of Science and Technology.

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